Orville Wright Wilbur Wright

The Wright brothers, Orville (August 19, 1871 – January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 – May 30, 1912), were two Americans who are generally credited^[1][2][3] with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. In the two years afterward, the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build and fly experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.

The brothers' fundamental breakthrough was their invention of three-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium.^[4] This method became standard and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds.^[5][6] From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on unlocking the secrets of control to conquer "the flying problem", rather than developing more powerful engines as some other experimenters did. Their careful wind tunnel tests produced better aeronautical data than any before, enabling them to design and build wings and propellers more effective than any before.^[7][8] Their U.S. patent 821,393 claims the invention of a system of aerodynamic control that manipulates a flying machine's surfaces.^[9]

They gained the mechanical skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors, and other machinery. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that an unstable vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice.^[10] From 1900 until their first powered flights in late 1903, they conducted extensive glider tests that also developed their skills as pilots. Their bicycle shop employee Charlie Taylor became an important part of the team, building their first aircraft engine in close collaboration with the brothers.

The Wright brothers' status as inventors of the airplane has been subject to counter-claims by various parties. Much controversy persists over the many competing claims of early aviators.

Airblue Flight 202 was an Airblue operated Airbus A321-200 passenger flight that, on 28 July 2010, crashed near Islamabad, Pakistan, after the flight crew reportedly lost contact with air traffic controllers whilst attempting to land in dense fog and heavy monsoon rain. All 146 passengers and six crew aboard were killed in the accident. The plane crashed in the Margalla Hills while travelling from Karachi to Islamabad. After it was confirmed the aircraft had crashed, troops and helicopters were dispatched to the accident site. At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest air disaster in Pakistan, and currently the only accident with fatalities involving an Airbus A321.

The flight left Karachi at 07:50 local time (01:50 UTC). Initial reports suggested that flight controllers at Benazir Bhutto International Airport lost contact with the aircraft at 09:43 local time (03:43 UTC) after they delayed its landing 13 minutes earlier. It was reported that the poor weather had forced controllers to divert another aircraft attempting to land 30 minutes before the crash.

Whilst the BBC reported that officials stated that "there was nothing in conversations between the pilot and the Islamabad control tower that suggests anything was wrong", The New York Times gave an account of communications between the aircraft and the ground that indicated otherwise. The newspaper claimed that the pilots were warned that they were flying away from the runway, to which the pilot responded “I can see the runway”. The controller then told the flight crew to “immediately turn left, Margalla [Hills] are ahead”, before the pilot again replied “we can see it [the runway]”. An airline official stated that the pilots did not send any emergency signals prior to the crash.

One witness on the ground, who was out walking, stated that "the plane had lost balance, and then we saw it going down." Others described the plane as being lower than it should have been. "I wondered why the plane wasn't flying higher as it was flying towards the hill", one stated. "Then within three or four minutes I heard a loud explosion". Another said that "it was raining. I saw the plane flying very low from the window of my office." Imran Abbasi told The New York Times that he "could tell it was trouble because it stayed so low even though the mountains were up ahead.” He stated that the jet was “flying as low as a four-story building” It was reported that Mr Abbasi said that "as the aircraft started to turn, the right side of its front banged into the highest mountain, emitting an instant billow of blue fire and black smoke.” An Indian television station stated that a woman told them she didn't "think [the flight crew] could see where they were going”.

The plane was found near Daman-e-Koh viewing point in the Margalla Hills outside Islamabad. The Los Angeles Times reported that "television footage of the crash site showed smoke and burning debris strewn in a swathe cutting through the forest. Rescue helicopters hovered overhead. Fire was visible, and smoke was blowing up from the scene."

The weather conditions before the accident, as detailed by the 03:00 UTC METAR report for Benazir Bhutto International Airport, were as follows: Wind from 50° (approximately north east) at 16 knots (30 km/h). Visibility 2 kilometres (1.2 mi), rain, few clouds at 1,500 feet (460 m), few clouds at 3,000 feet (910 m) with towering cumulus. Scattered clouds at 4,000 feet (1,200 m), broken clouds at 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Temperature 24°C, dewpoint 23°C. QNH 1006.5 hPa.

Passengers and crew

Airblue stated that among people who were on board the airplane, there were only three foreigners—a citizen of Germany, a citizen of the United States and a citizen of Ireland. In a later statement, Interior Minister Rehman Malik stated that there were no survivors. The pilot of the aircraft was Pervez Iqbal Chaudhry, and the first officer was Muntajibud Din. Of the passengers, 110 were adult males, 29 were adult females, 5 were children, and 2 were infants.

A Libyan airliner with 104 people on board has crashed during landing at Tripoli's airport. At least 103 people have been confirmed killed, with a young Dutch boy the only known survivor. More than half the passengers are believed to have been from the Netherlands.

The African Airways plane was arriving from Johannesburg, South Africa, and is believed to have crashed just short of the runway.

The Libyan-owned airline says 93 passengers and 11 crew members were on board flight 771 as it attempted to land.

A Libyan official says a young Dutch boy who was the lone survivor did not have life threatening injuries.

Libyan media showed wreckage of the plane spread over a wide field, with rescue and emergency workers on the scene.


Officials say they have already recovered the flight's voice recorder, which may give information on the cause of the crash. Weather is not believed to be a factor. Witnesses say they did not see any fire before the plane broke apart. Authorities announced an investigation is under way, but initially ruled out a terrorist attack.

In Johannesburg, a spokeswoman for the Airports Company South Africa, Unathi Batyashe-Fillis, said the company had no confirmation on what caused the crash.

"What we do know is that the airline left last night at 2137 [1937 GMT] for Tripoli. It was scheduled to arrive in Tripoli at 6 o'clock [0400 GMT]," she said. "We don't know where the communication failure happened, but what we can confirm is that 104 passengers and crew were on board at the time."

African said its crew members were Libyan. Officials in South Africa reported most aboard the flight had planned to make a connection in Tripoli and fly on to various destinations in Europe. Crisis centers have been set up in both Johannesburg and Tripoli.

The airline maintains an Airbus fleet and had previously maintained a good safety record.

M2 PRESSWIRE-19 September 2000-SMI: Keep up to date with the latest technology in aircraft maintenance Aircraft Maintenance Next Generation Technology (C)1994-2000 M2 COMMUNICATIONS LTD RDATE:19092000 17 & 18 January 2001 The Hatton, London Maximise cost savings and increase safety! Technological advances for IT Maintenance are moving forwards at a rapid rate.

Hear about the latest developments and initiatives in IT systems that can make your airline more efficient and effective at SMi's IT Maintenance - Next Generation Technology. The conference will address key issues including industry trends, an overview of new systems including virtual reality technology, investment analysis, utilising the B2B marketplace and risk analysis. But that's not...

When Dubai is mentioned, many people think of the iconic Burj Al Arab - the hotel built out on a spit in the Gulf, that looks like a giant sail. The Burj claims to be "The Best Hotel in the World", and has given itself 7 stars. It is the world's tallest dedicated hotel, and all 202 of its suites and two-storey, with unbeatable views.

If you think the outside looks impressive, wait till you get inside - the "ostentatious opulence will leave you reeling" (to steal a quote from my Guide book). The lower lobby area has a dancing fountain, and two massive tropical fish-tank-walls. Ride up the escalator into the main lobby area, looking up as you do into the soaring atrium, with its over-the-top gold and blue décor. Then look down at the garish carpet that clashes terribly, but somehow works amongst the other gaudy appointments.

To get up close to the Burj Al Arab, you need to either be staying there, or have an advance reservation to dine in one of the restaurants, or to have a drink in one of the bars. As you can imagine, dining doesn't come cheap here, so one of the more economical options is to go for afternoon tea. Booking a few weeks in advance, the only afternoon tea slot available was at 5.30pm in the Sahn Eddar Atrium Bar, located off the hotel's lobby.

Engineering Solutions for a Quality, Safety, and Cost Conscious Aviation Industry

S.No	Courses	Duration
1	Apprentice Mech. Course (Aerospace)	3 Years
2	Apprentice Mech. Course (Avionics)	3 Years
3	Aircraft Maintenance Familiarization # 3	12 Weeks
4	Aircraft Maintenance Familiarization # 4	12 Weeks
5	Aircraft Maintenance Familiarization # 5	12 Weeks

For further details please contact:

Chief Instructor Apprentice

E-mail: ptc.app@piac.aero

Phone: +92 21 9044767

Aerospace

S.No	Course	Duration
Basic Courses
1	Basic Airframe (A/F)	09 Weeks+02 Days
2	Basic Airframe Familiarization	02 Weeks+02 Days
3	Basic Gas Turbine (G/T)	07 Weeks
4	Basic Gas Turbine Familiarization	01 Week+01 Day
5	Basic Structure Repair	04 Weeks+03 Days
6	Basic Cabin Maintenance	03 Weeks+03 Days
7	Aircraft Cleaning	08 Days
Refresher Courses
1	Basic Airframe Refresher	02 Weeks+02 Days
2	B-737-300 Airframe Maintenance Refresher	07 Days+03 Days
4	A 310-300 Airframe Maintenance Refresher	02 Weeks+02 Days
5	Basic Gas Turbine (Refresher)	02 Weeks+01 Day
6	R/R Dart 528/532 Engine Maintenance Refresher	01 Week+01 Day
7	CFM56-3B2 Engine Maintenance Refresher	01 Week+01 Day
Equipment / Job Specific Courses
1	B-777-200ER Airframe Maintenance	06 Weeks
2	B-777-200ER Familiarization	06 Days
3	B-777-200ER Common Subjects	04 Weeks
4	B-737-300 Airframe Maintenance	07 Weeks
5	A-310-300 Airframe Maintenance	06 Weeks
6	A-310-300 Maintenance ETOPs	02 Days
7	B-747-200/300 Airframe Maintenance	08 Weeks
8	ATR 42-500 Aerospace System	06 Weeks
9	PT6-27 Engine Maintenance	07 Days
10	R/R Dar6t 528/532 Engine Maintenance	06 Weeks
11	CFM56-3B2 Engine Maintenance	05 Weeks+04 Days
12	CF6-80C2 Engine Maintenance	04 Weeks+03 Days
13	CF6-50E2 Engine Maintenance	04 Weeks+03 Days
14	JT9D Engine Maintenance	04 Weeks+03 Days
15	RB211 Engine Maintenance	04 Weeks+03 Days
16	CF6-80C2 TO E2 Engine Maintenance Conversion.	03 Days
17	GE90-94B Engine Maintenance	02 Weeks
18	B-747 Engine (RB211) Maintenance Conversion	02 Weeks+03 Days
19	P&W 4100 Engine Maintenance	04 Weeks+03 Days
20	CF6-80C2 Module Replacement	03 Weeks+02 Days
21	APU Courses	02 Weeks
22	A-300/310 Structure Repair	02 Weeks+02 Days
23	Composite Repair	02 Weeks+02 Days
24	Composite Repair Familiarization	06 Days
25	Repair of Advance Composites Structure	06 Days
26	A/C Wheel Assembly O/H	04 Weeks
27	B-737 Hydraulic System	01 Week+01 Day
28	A-310 Hydraulic System	01 Week+01 Day
29	B-747 Hydraulic System	01 Week+01 Day
30	B-737 Pneumatic System	01 Week+01 Day
31	B-747 Pneumatic System	01 Week+01 Day
32	A-310 Pneumatic System	01 Week+01 Day
33	B-737 Miscellaneous System	01 Week+01 Day
34	B-747 Miscellaneous System	01 Week+01 Day
35	A-310 Miscellaneous System	01 Week+01 Day
36	B-737 Fuel System	01 Week+01 Day
37	B-747 Fuel System	01 Week+01 Day
38	A-310 Fuel System	01 Week+01 Day
39	ATR Fuel Component	01 Week
40	B 777 Fuel Component	01 Week
41	APU GTCP 331-500 (B777)	01 Week
42	APU GTCP 331-300 (A310)	01 Week
Department Sponsored Courses
1	Human Factors	02 Days
2	Air Legislation	02 Days

BASIC COURSES
1	Basic Avionics Amalgamation for Cat "R" Engineers (Differences)	4 Weeks
2	Basic Avionics Amalgamation for Cat "X" Engineers	8 Weeks
3	Basic Avionics Amalgamation for Cat "X" Engineers (Differences)	4 Weeks
4	Basic Communication / Navigation Conversion For E/I	5 Weeks
5	Basic Computer Technology	6 Weeks
6	Basic Digital & Microprocessor	18 Days
7	Basic Electricity & Electronics	7 Weeks
8	Basic Instrument/INS/IRS/GPWS	9 Weeks
9	Basic Pulse	6 Weeks
10	Basic Radar	5 Weeks
11	Solid State Electronics	4 Weeks
REFRESHER COURSES
1	A310-300 Electrical System Refresher	8 Days
2	A310 Inst/AFS Refresher	8 Days
3	B737 Electrical System Refresher	8 Days
4	Basic C/N Refresher	2 Weeks
5	Basic Electrical Refresher	12 Days
6	Basic Instrument Refresher	12 Days
7	Basic Instrument/INS/IRS Refresher	2 Weeks
8	Basic Pulse Refresher	2 Weeks
9	Human Factor/Air Legislation Refresher	1 Day
EQUIPMENT / JOB SPECIFIC COURSE
1	A310 C/N/R System	3 Weeks
2	A310 ETOPS	2 Days
3	A310-300 Electrical System	6 Weeks
4	A310-300 Instrument / AFS Maintenance	6 Weeks
5	A310-PW 4000 Avionics Differences	2 Days
6	ATR-42-500 Avionics System	5 Weeks
7	ATR 42-500 Familiarization Course	2 Weeks
8	B737 C/N/R System	18 Days
9	B737 Instrument / AFS	6 Weeks
10	B737-300 Electrical System	6 Weeks
11	B737-300/33A Avionics Differences	1 Week
12	B747-200 Electrical System	6 Weeks
13	B747-200 Instrument/AFS	6 Weeks
14	B747-200/300 Differences	1 Week
15	B777 Familiarization (Honeywell Eqpt) for Managers	1 Day
16	B777-200 ER Avionics Maintenance	10 Weeks
17	B777-200 ER Familiarization	3 Weeks
18	B777-ER/LR One Man Transit Certification	1 Week
19	IFE Familiarization	1 Week
20	IFE MAS 3000	1 Week
21	IFE MAS 2000	4 Days
22	Ground Navigation Aids	1 Week
DEPARTMENT SPONSORED COURSES
1	Human Factor	2 Days
2	Aviation Legislation	4 Days
3	Standard Maintenance Practices	2 Days

For further details please contact:

Chief Instructor Avionics

E-mail: ptc.av@piac.aero Phone: +92 21 9044754

We are leading Airline Training Institution. Join us to build your career in Airline Industry. We offer Airline Training in all areas of the Airline Industry. We have one of the most advanced Airline training infrastructures approved by local and international regulatory authorities such as CAA, ICAO and IATA.

Functions

• To develop and conduct quality training as per the requirements of user departments and regulatory authorities
• To maintain centralized training database of all PIA personnel for organizing HR activity
• To maintain regular contact with vendors regarding new functionalities, modifications and additions to update training programmes and train the instructors
• To formulate criteria which will enable the training of PIA personnel to achieve excellence in their respective fields/functions
• To conduct courses, workshops, seminars, workouts, conventions, and to present papers so as to make PTC prominent in aviation training, particularly in this region

History of PIA Training Centre

Welcome to the PIA Training Centre, Karachi-an institution of comprehensive instruction dedicated towards imparting quality training in all the major areas associated with civil air transport. The centre is housed in a three-storied spacious building, essentially self-contained in facilities and centrally air-conditioned. It is situated about 300 yards from the Corporate Head Office building of PIA.

The prestige and esteem that the Training Centre enjoys has been a result of tireless efforts expended, since the very inception of PIA in 1956, in making the programmes of study worthy of its name. Training has been offered for PIA employees as well as for other airlines' staff intending to work, or already working as members of the cockpit and flight service crew, as passenger service and marketing staff, and as mechanics and engineers, etc. It was in 1960 that all training was amalgamated under one roof at the Hotel Midway House, Karachi. The Centre was moved to its present premises in October 1975.

Specialist instructors are assigned at the Centre for imparting rigorous training to those who fly, and to those who service and maintain various types of aircraft (B-747-200, A-310, A-300, B-737, B-777). The training aids and equipment used are the latest. The methods of knowledge and skill transfer, adopted at the PIA Training Centre, are varied all pragmatic and useful. Classroom lectures are augmented by group discussion, observations, experiments, simulations, case studies, etc. Study tours to a number of PIA facilities are regularly conducted and seminars on topics of general interest are frequently convened.

Training facilities available within the airline also include flight simulators which are used in the Transition and recurrent Training of pilots and other operational crew. The equipment here includes: a cabin service procedures trainer, A310 Flight Simulator, 747-200 Flight Simulator and B743 FFS with RB211 Engines also A-310 Video & Audio Computer Based Instructions ( VACBI ) Systems. These are largely supplemented with apprentice workshops and laboratories for new entrants.

During the past, for many years the PIA Training Centre has also been instrumental in rendering training to a large number of pilots, engineers, flight stewards/stewardesses, traffic and sales personnel from over 30 airlines and associated agencies worldwide, mostly from Asian and African countries

In 1962, finding the upper winds forecast favorable, PIA set out to break the record for the fastest flight between London and Karachi. With representatives of FAI (Federation Aeronautique International) on board to monitor the official timings, PIA completed the flight in 6 hours, 43 minutes, 51 seconds, a record which remains unbroken to this day.

In 1964, PIA achieved another historic first, regarded as a major milestones in the chequered history of the airline. On 29th April, 1964, with a Boeing 720B, PIA earned the distinction of becoming the first airline from a non-communist country to fly into the People’s Republic of China. PIA's first service to China was from Karachi to Shanghai via Canton. In 1964-65, PIA expanded its fleet further with the addition of a fourth Boeing 720B and two Fokker F-27s. Serious development had become a reality and the PIA team continued to move ahead with ambitious plans and goals for the national flag carrier.

A collective pride and a joyous buoyancy was pervasive within the PIA family. Riding high on the crest of success, PIA became a household name in Pakistan in the mid sixties. The war between India and Pakistan, during 1965, further tested the national airline. PIA played a major role in providing logistical support to the Armed Forces by operating special flights using Boeings, Super Constellations, and Viscounts. The Founder of the Nation, Mr. Jinnah had predicted that the Pakistan Airforce would need the support of a civil airline in special circumstances, and this came into evidence during the war.

In 1966, a system of feeder services linking eight new points in West Pakistan was introduced. By this time, the airline's Viscounts were proving inadequate owing to traffic growth, and had to be replaced by Tridents. The airline continued up the growth curve, receiving two Fokker F-27s, two Boeing 707s and one Trident in the following year

The year 1955 also marked the inauguration of the fledgling airline's first scheduled international service - to the glittering, glitzy capital city of London, via Cairo and Rome. Initially, there was much criticism, as the public could not comprehend or justify the need to operate an international route when, in their opinion, other projects vital for a developing country should have been given a higher priority. However, PIA's focus was, and continues to be, to serve the Pakistani community at large. The provision of transportation to expatriates has remained one of the foremost priorities of the national airline. Moreover, PIA earned substantial foreign exchange through international services, which it invested in the purchase of aircraft and spare parts, as fleet expansion was a grave necessity for the airline.